Saturday, November 7, 2015

Romance

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Look up romance orromantic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Romance or romantic usually refers to romance (love), love emphasizing emotion over libido. It may also refer to:

Contents

   
  • 1Genres
  • 2Places
  • 3Film and theater
  • 4Literature
  • 5Other uses
  • 6Music
    • 6.1Classical genres and compositions
    • 6.2Groups
    • 6.3Albums
    • 6.4Songs
  • 7
  • Hellenistic romance, or Ancient Greek romance, a modern term for the genre of the five surviving Ancient Greek novels
  • Chivalric Romance, a genre of medieval and Renaissance narrative fiction
  • Romance (music), a type of ballad or lyrical song
    • Romancero, the corpus of such Spanish ballads, or a collection of them
    • Romance (meter), a metric pattern found in Spanish ballads
  • Romanticism, or the Romantic period/era, an artistic and intellectual movement in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, including
    • Romantic music, the musical style used by Beethoven, Chopin, Brahms, Wagner and other late 18th and 19th-century composers
    • Romantic poetry, the poetic style used by Schiller, Blake, Keats, Wordsworth and other late 18th and 19th-century poets
    • Romanticism in science, a movement in science during the Romantic period
  • Romance novel, a genre of novel that focuses on romantic love
  • Romance film, a genre of film of which the central plot focuses on the romantic relationships of the protagonists
  • Romantic comedy film, a hybrid genre of film centered on a comic romantic relationship
  • Shakespeare's late romances, the later plays of Shakespeare that mix tragic and comedic elements

Places[edit]

Film and theater[edit]

Literature[edit]

Other uses[edit]

Music[edit]

Classical genres and compositions[edit]

  • Romance (music) and list of compositions:
    • "Romance" (guitar piece), also known as "Romance Anónimo", a Spanish instrumental guitar piece of anonymous origin
    • Violin Romance No. 1 (Beethoven) in G major, Op. 40, by Ludwig van Beethoven
    • Violin Romance No. 2 (Beethoven) in F major, Op. 50, by Ludwig van Beethoven
    • Romantic Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 4
    • Romance in C major, Op. 48, for violin and orchestra Saint-Saëns
    • Romance song by Debussy
    • Romance, the second movement of the suite Lieutenant Kijé (Op. 60) by Sergei Prokofiev
  • Russian romance, classical art song
  • Scandinavian romanser, classical art songs, equivalent to the German Lied.

Groups[edit]

  • The Romantics, an American rock 'n roll band from Detroit

Albums[edit]

  • Romance, album by Montserrat Caballé
  • Romance (Luis Miguel album), 1991
  • Romance (Ali Project album), 2006
  • Romance (Dave Palmer album), 2006
  • Romance (David Cassidy album)
  • Romance (Frank Sinatra album), 2004
  • Romance (Tubelord album)
  • Romantic (album), by The Human League
  • Romances (Luis Miguel album), 1997
  • Romances (Kaada/Patton album), 2004

Songs[edit]

  • "Romance", a song from the musical The Desert Song
  • "Romantic" (song), by Karyn White
  • "Romance", a track on the album Light & Shade by Mike Oldfield
  • "Romance", a pop waltz written by Gordon Lightfoot and released on his 1983 album Salute
  • "Romance", a song by R.E.M. originally released on the soundtrack of the 1987 film Made in Heaven

See also[edit]

Note: the following entries are arranged in an etymological tree.

  • Romana (disambiguation)
  • Romand
  • Romania (disambiguation)
  • Romanicus
  • Romanization (disambiguation)
  • Romano (disambiguation)
  • Romansh language
  • Rûm
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    Play Ground

    Playground From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  (Redirected from Play ground)This article is about an area for play. For other uses, see Playground (disambiguation).Combination playground structure for small children; slides, climbers (stairs in this case), playhouseA playground, playpark, or play area is a place with a specific design to allow children to play there. It may be indoors but is typically outdoors (where it may be called a tot lot in some regions).[1] While a playground is usually designed for children, some playgrounds are designed for other age groups. Berlin's Preußenpark for example is designed for senior adults age 70 or higher.[citation needed] It is possible for a playground to exclude children if they are below the required age for entrance.Modern playgrounds often have recreational equipment such as the seesaw, merry-go-round, swingset, slide, jungle gym, chin-up bars, sandbox, spring rider, trapeze rings, playhouses, and mazes, many of which help children develop physical coordination, strength, and flexibility, as well as providing recreation and enjoyment. Common in modern playgrounds are play structures that link many different pieces of equipment.Playgrounds often also have facilities for playing informal games of adult sports, such as a baseball diamond, a skatingarena, a basketball court, or a tether ball.Public playground equipment refers to equipment intended for use in the play areas of parks, schools, child care facilities, institutions, multiple family dwellings, restaurants, resorts, and recreational developments, and other areas of public use.A type of playground called a playscape is designed to provide a safe environment for play in a natural setting.
    The idea of the playground as a method for imbuing children with a sense of fair play and good manners originated in Germany where playgrounds were erected in connection to schools,[2] although the first purpose built public-access playground was opened in a park in Manchester, England in 1859.[3] Over time, organized playing areas have been adopted by other countries of the world and have become commonplace.
    The first playground in the USA was built in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1887.[4] In 1906 the Playground Association of America was founded and a year later Luther Gulick became president.[5] It later became the National Recreation Association and then the National Recreation and Park Association.[6]Recognizing the need for playgrounds, former President Theodore Roosevelt stated in 1907:
    City streets are unsatisfactory playgrounds for children because of the danger, because most good games are against the law, because they are too hot in summer, and because in crowded sections of the city they are apt to be schools of crime. Neither do small back yards nor ornamental grass plots meet the needs of any but the very small children. Older children who would play vigorous games must have places especially set aside for them; and, since play is a fundamental need, playgrounds should be provided for every child as much as schools. This means that they must be distributed over the cities in such a way as to be within walking distance of every boy and girl, as most children can not afford to pay carfare.[7]
    In post war London the landscape architect and children’s rights campaigner Lady Allen of Hurtwood introduced and popularised the concept of the ’junk playground’ - where the equipment was constructed from the recycled junk and rubble left over from the Blitz. She campaigned for facilities for children growing up in the new high-rise developments in Britain's cities and wrote a series of illustrated books on the subject of playgrounds, and at least one book on adventure playgrounds, spaces for free creativity by children, which helped the idea spread worldwide.[8]
    Playgrounds in the Soviet Union     Moydodyr installed in the playground in Novopolotsk (Belarus).
    Playgrounds were an integral part of urban culture in the USSR. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were playgrounds in almost every park in many Soviet cities. Playground apparatus was reasonably standard all over the country; most of them consisted of metallic bars with relatively few wooden parts, and were manufactured in state-owned factories. Some of the most common constructions were the carousel, sphere, seesaw, rocket, bridge, etc.
    Playground design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience. Separate play areas might be offered to accommodate very young children. Single, large, open parks tend to not to be used by older schoolgirls or less aggressive children, because there is little opportunity for them to escape more aggressive children.[9] By contrast, a park that offers multiple play areas is used equally by boys and girls.
    A weblike structure in many bright colors with several pendulous appendages hanging from it, itself hanging from the textile roof of an open wooden structure. There are children playing with the pendulous appendages and seated around the side, where many backpacks and shoes have also been left    Colorful sheltered playground atFuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, Japan
    Professionals recognize that the social skills that children develop on the playground often become lifelong skill sets that are carried forward into their adulthood. Independent research concludes that playgrounds are among the most important environments for children outside the home. Most forms of play are essential for healthy development, but free, spontaneous play—the kind that occurs on playgrounds—is the most beneficial type of play.
    Exciting, engaging and challenging playground equipment is important to keep children happy while still developing their learning abilities. These should be developed in order to suit different groups of children for different stages of learning, such as specialist playground equipment for nursery & pre-school children teaching them basic numeracy & vocabulary, to building a child's creativity and imagination with role play panels or puzzles.
    There is a general consensus that physical activity reduces the risk of psychological problems in children and fosters their self-esteem.[citation needed] The American Chief Medical Officer’s report (Department of Health, 2004), stated that a review of available research suggests that the health benefits of physical activity in children are predominantly seen in the amelioration of risk factors for disease, avoidance of weight gain, achieving a peak bone mass and mental well-being.
    Evidence suggests that children who participate in physical activity improve their self-esteem.[citation needed] Ekeland, Heian and Hagan (2005) and Gruber[10] found that exercise programmes had a significant positive effect on children's self-esteem.
    Commentators argue that the quality of a child’s exercise experience can affect their self-esteem. Ajzen TPB (1991) promotes the notion that children’s self-esteem is enhanced through the encouragement of physical mastery and self-development. It can be seen that playgrounds provide an ideal opportunity for children to master physical skills, such as learning to swing, balance and climb. Personal development may be gained through the enhancement of skills, such as playing, communicating and cooperating with other children and adults in the playground.
    It can also be seen that public and private playgrounds act as a preventative health measure amongst young people because they promote physical activity at a stage in children’s lives when they are active and not yet at risk from opting out of physical activity.[citation needed]
    Seesaw with a crowd of children playing
    Rope bridge for improving balance
    Children have devised many playground games and pastimes. But because playgrounds are usually subject to adult supervision and oversight, young children's street culture often struggles to fully thrive there. Research by Robin Moore[11] concluded shown that playgrounds need to be balanced with marginal areas that (to adults) appear to be derelict or wasteground but to children they are area's that they can claim for themselves, ideally a wooded area or field.
    For many children, it is their favorite time of day when they get to be on the playground for free time or recess. It acts as a release for them from the pressures of learning during the day. They know that time on the playground is their own time.[citation needed]
    A type of playground called a playscape can provide children with the necessary feeling of ownership that Moore describes above. Playscapes can also provide parents with the assurance of their child's safety and wellbeing, which may not be prevalent in an open field or wooded area.
    In the UK, several organisations exist that help provide funding for schools and local authorities to construct playgrounds. These include the Biffa Award, which provides funding under the Small Grants Scheme; Funding Central, which offers support for voluntary organisations and social enterprises; and the Community Construction Fund, a flagship programme by Norfolk County Council.[12]
    Safety, in the context of playgrounds, is generally understood as the prevention of injuries. Risk aversion and fear of lawsuits on the part of the adults who design playgrounds prioritizes injury prevention above other factors, such as cost or developmental benefit to the users.[13] It is important that children gradually develop the skill of risk assessment, and a completely safe environment does not allow that.
    Sometimes the safety of playgrounds is disputed in school or among regulators. Over at least the last twenty years, the kinds of equipment to be found in playgrounds has changed, often towards safer equipment built with plastic. For example, an older jungle gym might be constructed entirely from steel bars, while newer ones tend to have a minimal steel framework while providing a web of nylon ropes for children to climb on. Playgrounds with equipment that children may fall off often use mulch on the ground to help cushion the impact.
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    Playgrounds are also made differently for different age groups. Often schools have a playground that is taller and more advanced for older schoolchildren and a lower playground with less risk of falling for younger children.
    Playground at Yonkers, NY
    Safety discussions do not normally include an evaluation of the unintended consequences of injury prevention, such as older children who do not exercise at the playground because the playground is too boring.[15]
    Safety efforts sometimes paradoxically increase the likelihood and severity of injuries because of how people choose to use playground equipment. For example, older children may choose to climb on the outside of a "safe" but boring play structure, rather than using it the way the designers intended. Similarly, rather than letting young children play onplayground slides by themselves, some injury-averse parents seat the children on the adult's lap and go down the slide together.[16] This seems safer at first glance, but if the child's shoe catches on the edge of the slide, this arrangement frequently results in the child's leg being broken.[16] If the child had been permitted to use the slide independently, then this injury would not happen, because when the shoe caught, the child would have stopped sliding rather than being propelled down the slide by the adult's weight.[16]
    Also concerning the safety of playgrounds is the material in which they are built. Wooden playgrounds act as a more natural environment for the children to play but can cause even more minor injuries. Slivers are the main concern when building with wood material. Wet weather is also a threat to children playing on wooden structures. Most woods are treated and do not wear terribly fast, but with enough rain, wooden playgrounds can become slippery and dangerous for children to be on.

    History

    Design

    Effects on child development

    Funding

    Safety

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